THE DIRECTIVES SPEECH ACT FOUND IN THE ADVENTURES OF HUCKLEBERRY FINN NOVEL

This study is concerned with analyzing the research entitled The Directives Speech Act Found in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn novel. This research is concerned with identifying the directives speech act used by the characters, how often the types of directives speech act occurred, and which types appeared most frequently in the novel. This research utilized a qualitative method, which is the data were achieved by reading the novel attentively. Five types of directives speech act were discovered in the utterance of the characters in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn novel as a result of this analysis. Those are: warning, forbidding, asking, requesting and telling. The qualitative method was applied to find out the frequency and the types of directive speech act used in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn novel. The researcher found five types: warning 8 data or 10%, forbidding 6 data or 9% , asking 45 data or 57%, requesting 8 data or 10%, and telling 11 data or 14% used in The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn novel. The most frequent type used was asking acts ( 45 utterances or 57% from total data).


INTRODUCTION
In pragmatics, language is a communication tool learned by humans which refers to the meaning of an utterance or speech, especially in the relationship between sentences and the context and situation in the sentence " Journal History is used in.It is not only saying utterances or speech, a speaker also takes action when communicating.This situation is clearly discussed in the speech act theory.This theory was first introduced by Austin (1962).Humans need to interact with each other to socialize and understand each other's emotions.For that, it is important for someone to hone their skills in language.Especially in this era, language is very important in working, studying and organizing.When someone wants to say something, we must understand what they mean by what they say.Humans as social creatures in everyday life interact with others using language, even verbal or nonverbal.Yule (1996:3) stated that firstly, pragmatics is the analysis of expressions as communicated by a speaker and interpreted by a listener.Secondly, pragmatics is the science of contextual meaning research.It calls for a consideration of how a speaker is organizing what she or he would like to say.Thirdly, pragmatics is the study of how the listener implicitly gets the interpretation of the utterances of the speaker.The last, pragmatics, is the study of relative distance expression.It is presumed to be the study of the relation between forms of linguistics and the users of those forms.According to Mey (1993: 42) pragmatics employs the condition as the study of human language, which has a close correlation with society's context.
Human activity is an utterance that serves a function in an exceeding communication.According to Searle and Vanderveken (1979: 23) In general, speech acts make action performed via utterance.Performing an action via utterance are commonly given more specific labels.Human action occurs on the meaning-making method, how the communication occurs, and how the listener perceives the aim.When the people say something to the hearer, people not only say but also force the hearer to try and do something for them.When someone wants to say something, we must understand what they mean by what they say.
In general, speech acts make action performed via utterance.Performing an action via utterance are commonly given more specific labels.This theory was introduced by Searle and Vanderveken (1979:23).According to Crystal (2008:446) the speech act refers to a theory that analyzes the role of utterances in interpersonal communication in relation to the actions of speakers and hearers.He categorized five types of illocutionary acts briefly.They are Assertive/Representatives (speakers delivered their belief of the truth and describe a conditions or activities.),Directives (speakers intend to get their listeners to do something.),Commissive (speakers convinced their listeners some action that refer to the future Expressive (speakers expressed their nature and feelings about something happened Declaratives (commonly speakers has authority to changes a condition into a new status).Oktoberia (2012) found 86 data of utterances that consist of the type of directive speech acts in Bride Wars movies.They are divided into request act (35,3% ), suggestion type (25,9%), command type (25,9%) and order type (12'9%).Based on the data , request type is the most used by characters in Bride Wars movies.Second thesis from Assola (2017) found that 33 utterances consist of directive speech acts in Friday Sermon.The results are 7 data of command act or 21,2%, 1 data of request act or 3,0% and last is the most used by the characters is 25 data of suggestion or 75,8%.And the last review is a journal from Rosella (2019) found three types of directive speech acts and 40 utterance that consist types of directive speech act in Fault in Our Stars movie there are 3,50% of request act, 2.33% of suggest act and the least frequently is commands acts that are only 1,17% data.Directive speech is aimed to produce an effect in the form of the action of the hearer.It can be used in the form of imperative, interrogative, statement, or simply by giving hints (Lestari, 2021).
The reason why the writers analyze this novel is because in the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn novel there are many directive acts delivered through the speech acts of the character.Another reason for researching this study is because this data is an incredibly unique and interesting story.This research is also important to grasp the intended meaning from the utterance of the directive acts.In this research the researcher analyzes the types of Directive speech acts that are used in the Adventure of Huckleberry Finn novel.For classifying the types of direct speech acts, the researcher used theory by Searle and Vanderveken (1985).

METHODS
The writer analyzed the data using the descriptive qualitative method.The analysis was presented in a formal and informal presentation.In retrieving data, several steps were taken , namely, first, the writer read The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn novel.Second, the writer takes note of the Directive speech act in the conversation.Finally, the writer classifies the data based on the types of directive speech act.In short, the analytical research is as follows.The writer chooses which utterance belongs to directives.Afterward, the writer classified each type of direct speech act into five categories consisting of warning, forbidding, asking, request and telling.Then, the writer identified the most frequent of types which often occur in the novel.

RESULTS
There are some data types of the direct speech act found in The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn novel.The writer found 79 utterances that contained directive speech acts spoken by the speaker in order to convey the information, messages or express what the speaker wants.The writer found some types of directive speech acts and those could be categorized in the table.Before presenting the finding, the formula to find the percentage can be seen below.

No
Types Based on the table above, the researcher found 45 or 56% of utterances that contain asking acts as the way the speaker states what he/she wants in order to get an answer or action as a response from the hearer.Telling is the second type of directive speech act which was mostly used by the character.The researcher found 11 or 14% utterance containing telling acts.The researcher found 8 or 10% utterances in the novel that contain request and warning act as the strategy to drive the listener to do something.Next the researcher found 6 or 9% that contain a forbidding act in which the speaker forbids a hearer to do something is to order the hearer not to do it.Last, the researcher found 1 or 1 % utterance containing a permitting act that the speaker grants permission to someone to do something.For the intended meaning the researcher found only six intended meanings from all the data.https://traverse.asia/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

DISCUSSION a. Warning
Warning act shows the addressee about the consequence and the risks that will be got if the addressee does that action Data 1

Huck : yes Ms
The conversation happened when Huck was at Ms. Watson's house.He was always wandering around the house and Ms. Watson did not like to see that.And she warned Huck not to do that.The intended meaning of this data means Ms Watson did not like to see Huck wandering around the house.
Utterance above belongs to warning acts since the speaker is showing the addressee about the consequences and risks that will be got if the addressee does that action or not.Based on the utterance Huck will get the consequence if he is still wandering around Ms. Watson house, the consequence is Ms. Watson will make trouble to Huck.In the final analysis the bold utterance that is uttered by Huck is categorized into a warning act because the utterance explains about the consequences.

Data 2
Tom : There's nobody that didn't belong to the gang could use the mark , and if he did it must be killed!(pages 20)

All gang : Ok Tom
The conversation happens when Tom and his friend make a gang, gang to kill people and robbery.In here Tom asks the gang if somebody used the mark of their gang they must be killed.The participants of the conversation above were Tom as a speaker and the gang as a hearer.
Utterance above belongs to warning acts since the speaker is showing the addressee about the consequences and risks that will be got if the addressee does that action or not.Based on the utterance the people will get the consequence if used the mark of the gang, the consequence is they will be killed by the gang.In the final analysis, the bold utterance that is uttered by Tom is categorized into a warning act because the utterance explains about the consequences.

b. Forbidding
Forbidding is the propositional negation of ordering.Thus to forbid a hearer to do something is just to order him not to do it.

Data 3
Ben : But what are we going to rob? Cattle?Tom : don't steal cattle and such things ain't robbery!(pages 21) The conversation happens when Tom and a friend make a gang, gang to kill people and robbery.In here, Ben asks Tom because Tom is a leader of the gang he asks about what we are going to rob.The participants of the conversation above were Tom as a speaker and Ben as a hearer.The intended meaning of this utterance is that Tom did not want his gang stealing cattle.
Utterance above belongs to forbidden acts since the speaker does not allow Ben to do a certain act.The word "don't" shows that Tom's utterance is forbidden.That word also makes Ben's utterance become directly forbidden.When Tom utters his utterance , he does not leave the refusal option for his hearer.It means that the speaker only needs his hearer to do exactly what he wants that Ben wants all of his gang for not stealing cattle but killing people and robbery.The conversation takes place in the kitchen in Ms.Watson house.The conversation happened when Huck met Jim to ask what the bad thing will happen to Huck, why Huck asked Jim because Jim can see the future.The participants of the conversation above were Jim as a speaker and Huck as a hearer.The intended meaning of this data is that Jim warned Huck, and Jim did not want that something happen to Huck.Utterance from Jim above belongs to forbidding act since the speaker does not allow Huck to do a certain act.The word "don't" shows that Jim's utterance is a forbidding act.That word also makes Jim's utterance become directly forbidden.When Jim utters his utterance , he does not leave the refusal option for his hearer.It means that the speaker only needs his listener to do exactly what he wants Jim Huck to stay away from water as much as he can if Huck does not want the bad thing to happen in this life.
https://traverse.asia/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0above, Mr. Finn requests Huck to catch a fish at the river and in this case, Mr. Finn allows Huck the option of refusing to take or not the fish from the river.The conclusion of this data is the utterance uttered by Mr. Finn contains a requesting act because the speaker requires something from the hearer to take fish from the river.

e. Telling
Telling a hearer to do something is to direct in a manner which does not give the hearer the option of refusal.This difference derives from the fact that request and ask allow the possibility of refusal while tell does not allow such possibility.

Data 9
Tom : Everybody must swear to keep the secret about this place.(pages 19) All of gang : yes we will swear it The conversation above took place in the forest.The conversation happens when Huck and a friend form a gang and Tom is the captain of the gang.They found a secret place in a forest in the middle of a cave, and Tom told all the members to keep it a secret about that place.The participants of the conversation above were Tom as a speaker and the gang as a hearer.
The bold utterance of Tom above refers to the telling act because Tom gives information that the hearer can not refuse.Tom gives a clear statement and must accept it by the hearer or all of the gang.When Tom utters his utterance he wants his hearer to accept his statement .It means that Tom only needs his hearer to do exactly what he wants.After saying his last statement , the hearer just swore to keep the secret about the place.

Data 10
Huck : there's a men sleep there

Jim
: The man ain't sleep, he's dead, stay here Huck! I'll go there and see.

(pages 84)
The conversation above took place in the forest.The conversation happened when Huck and Jim met in the forest.They found a big house in the middle of the forest .They went there and saw a dead man in the living room.The participants of the conversation above were Jim as a speaker and Huck as a hearer.
Utterance of Jim above refers to telling acts because Jim gives information that the hearer cannot refuse.Jim gives a clear statement and must accept it by the hearer or Huck.When Jim utters his utterance he wants his hearer to accept his statement .It means that Jim only needs his https://traverse.asia/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0hearer to do exactly what he wants.After saying his last statement , the hearer or Huck just stays there and gives Jim a look at the man.

CONCLUSION
Based on the analysis in the previous chapter from The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn Novel.That researcher found five functions such as warning acts, forbidding acts, asking acts, requesting acts, and telling acts.In conclusion , the type of directive speech act that is most frequently used in The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn novel is asking acts and the least one is forbidding acts.The researcher found 79 utterance that consist types of directives speech acts type The types of directive speech acts that were use can be stated as follows: Type of directive speech act used in the novel are asking act which consist of 45 utterance or , request act consist of 8 utterances, warning act consist of 8 utterances, forbidding act consist of 6 utterances and telling acts consist of 11 utterances.For the intended meaning the researcher found only six intended meanings from all the data.
keep away from water as much as you can, and don't run no risk(pages 36)