EXPRESSIVE ILLOCUTIONARY ACT FOUND IN THE “AFTER” MOVIE

According to Yule (1996: 47), expressives are utterances by speakers that express their mental state, they categorize psychological states and can be in the form of statements of pleasure, pain, dislike, joy and sorrow. This study concerns the expressive illocutionary act used in the After movie. The aim of this study is to analyze the types of expressive illocutionary acts and the context of the situation. This study used a qualitative method to analyze the data and documentation method used in collecting the data found in the movie. The data were taken from the After movie. Based on Searle (1967) and Yule (1962) theory about the types of expressive illocutionary act and supported by theory context of the situation by Halliday and Hasan (1985).


INTRODUCTION
Language is a tool or system used to convey information either orally or in writing and functioned as a tool to communicate with fellow human beings.As we know, learning a language is very beneficial for human life.Without language humans will not be able to express their feelings, thoughts, emotions, desires, and beliefs.Therefore it is important to learn the language and understand the intent of the speaker, so that people are easy to adapt, socialize and avoid misunderstandings.As an arbitrary symbol of sound system, language is used for social interaction, consisting of form, meaning, and expression (Lestari, 2018).The science that studies the use of language is pragmatics.Pragmatics is the study of linguistics about the meaning desired by speakers.According to Yule (2006: 112) pragmatics is the study of the meaning uttered by the speaker or is a science that studies the meaning conveyed by speakers and how the hearer interprets the speech.Social interaction between speaker and hearer produces a speech act.Austin (1962: 94) states that speech acts are actions that are performed through speech.Speech act is divided into three parts, namely locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary.Locutionary act is the act of how someone produces speech, it contains a statement or information .Illocutionary act is a function or meaning found in speech, it contains a request, asking, etc. Perlocutionary is the effect of speech uttered by the speaker to the listener.According to Searle (1979), the illocutionary act is divided into five categories which are representatives, directives, commissives, declaratives, and expressives.This study focused on the expressive illocutionary act and context of situation found in the movie, Yule (1996) says that expressive is a type of illocutionary act that shows or says what the speaker feels or wants.There are some meaningful types of expressive illocutionary acts that can be described such as thanking, apologizing, congratulating, wishing, greeting, attitude and praising.The meaning of an utterance in a speech act can be closely related to the context of the situation.
According to Halliday and Hasan (1985), social semiotics allows people to exchange meanings and act socially.They develop context analysis in relation to fields, tenors, and modes.Field refers to what happens, to the environment of the social action location.Tenor refers to who is taking part in the nature of the participants, their statuses and roles.Mode refers to which part the language plays, what it is the participants expect the language used for them in the following situation.In everyday life, expressive illocutionary acts are usually found in various media and literary works such as novels, fiction, and movies.In the movie, the player conveys the message or story contained in the movie through facial expressions, voice intonation and also body movements called acting.According to Effendy (1986) movie is an audio-visual communication medium that serves to convey certain messages to other people or groups of people.Movie itself is able to send messages with many purposes.Some are just for entertainment, moral messages, education, information and others.This study used the "After" movie as the data source.Besides there are many expressive illocutionary acts found in the utterance, this movie gets some award for favorite dramatic movie in the People's Choice Award in America.

METHODS
The data sources in this study were taken from After movie.The movie with the subtitle had to be downloaded from Layarkaca21 http://149.56.24.226/after-2019/.The movie was first released in America on April 12, 2019.This movie is played by a beautiful and handsome player and also has many fans in Hollywood, namely Josephine Langford and Hero Fiennes Tiffin.This study used a documentation method in collecting the data.The data collected by watching the "After" movie, then reading the dialogues in the subtitle to get more understanding about the movie story and the last is note taking the dialogue that contain of expressive illocutionary act.This study applied some theories, theory from Searle (1976) and Yule (1996) about the type of expressive illocutionary act and supported by Halliday and Hasan (1985) theory of context of situation.The finding presented in two ways, formal method used to present the table of expressive illocutionary act and informal method explaining the types of expressive illocutionary act.

RESULT
This study found 90 expressive illocutionary acts, expressive for thanking, apologizing, congratulating, greeting, wishing, attitude, and praising in "After" movies.The researcher analyzed the movie based on the theory of type of illocutionary act, especially the expressive illocutionary act proposed by Searle (1976) and Yule (1996), and the context of the situation by Halliday and Hasan (1975).The detail of data that found in the dialogues of movie as follows:

DISCUSSION a. Thanking
Thanking is an expression that aims to express gratitude to someone for what has been done or said.

Tessa
: "Umm, I ordered mine without ketchup" Waitress : " Oh right.I'll be right back" Tessa : "Thank you" This conversation takes place in the restaurant in the evening.The conversation tells about Tessa going to a restaurant with Hardin and she orders a meal.She asked the waitress to prepare her food without ketchup.The restaurant waitress kindly provided the best service and polite answers to Tessa, so that Tessa felt satisfied and expressed her gratitude.Tessa and the waitress are the participants who play a role in this dialogue.This expression was formally uttered by spoken mode and they used polite language, because they met for the first time and as a courtesy in ordering.
The utterance conveyed by Tessa above is included in the type of expressive illocutionary act for thanking.Tessa thanked the restaurant waitress because Tessa ordered food and the waitress swiftly served Tessa's order.Then she expressed her gratitude for the services provided as an expression of appreciation for good service.

Data 2
Steph : "I like your sweater" Noah : "Thanks.I got it from the gap" Steph : "Cute" This conversation takes place in the Tessa dorm in the morning.The conversation tells about Noah helping Tessa carry and prepare Tessa's belongings into her new campus dormitory.There he meets Tessa's roommate named Steph.As Tessa's new friend, Steph tries to make small talk with Noah and compliments Noah that she likes Noah's sweater.Hearing that, Noah blushed and expressed his gratitude to Steph as a form of appreciation.Noah and Steph are the participants who play a role in this dialogue.This expression was formally uttered by spoken mode and they used polite language, because they met for the first time.
The utterance conveyed by Noah above is included in the type of expressive illocutionary act for thanking.Noah thanks Steph for giving Noah a compliment.At first Steph gave a compliment and said that Noah's https://traverse.asia/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0sweater was good and she liked it.Therefore Noah expressed his gratitude for Steph's words in return for his appreciation.

b. Apologizing
Apologizing is a way for someone to express an expression of apology or regret, usually for mistakes made by the speaker.

Hardin
: "I'm sorry for how I treated you hmm" This conversation takes place in the Hardin dorm at night.The conversation tells about Tessa coming to Hardin into his dorm, because she gets a call from Landon that Hardin is in trouble and is not doing well.Tessa meets Hardin and tries to calm him down, while Hardin expresses his guilt to Tessa for treating Tessa badly at that time.Hardin and Tessa are the participants who play a role in this dialogue.In this expression was informally uttered by spoken mode and they used good words, because the two of them are already very close.
The utterance conveyed by Hardin above is included in the type of expressive illocutionary act for apologizing.Hardin apologized to Tessa because according to him all this time, he had not treated Tessa well.He felt guilty for being bad to Tessa.Hardin makes Tessa touched and falls in love with him, but he does not want to date or have an official relationship with Tessa, this makes Tessa disappointed in Hardin.Besides apologizing, at the same time he also expressed regret towards Tessa.

Data 4
Noah : "So, how come you're back?" Tessa : " I just needed to come home.I'm so sorry, Noah.I never meant to hurt you" Noah : " Yeah, I know" Tessa : "I guess I just never saw any of this coming" This conversation takes place in the Noah high school in the morning.The conversation tells about Tessa visiting Noah's school to meet him and Noah is doing sports on the soccer field.And then Tessa waited for Noah and sat near the field.She wanted to apologize to Noah for her past mistakes.After that she expresses regret to Noah so that Tessa can feel https://traverse.asia/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0relieved without the burden of guilt anymore.Tessa and Noah are the participants who play a role in this dialogue.In this expression was informally uttered by spoken mode and they used good words, because they used to be in a relationship and were very close.
The utterance conveyed by Tessa above is included in the type of expressive illocutionary act for apologizing.Tessa apologizes to Noah for making so many mistakes.She had lied and had an affair with Hardin.Tessa tries to explain to Noah that she did not mean to hurt him.Besides apologizing, at the same time she also expressed regret for all her mistakes to Noah, but there Noah has forgiven Tessa.

c. Greeting
Greeting is a way for someone to express an expression when we meet someone we know or just met for the first time as the beginning of a good relationship or a good conversation.

Landon
: "I'm Landon by the way" Tessa : "I'm Tessa" Landon : "Hi, nice to meet you" Tessa : "Are you first year too?" This conversation takes place in the classroom in the morning.For the first time Tessa started studying at her new campus, and there she did not know anyone.Then she met a man named Landon in the same classroom.He started greeting Tessa first, because Tessa looked embarrassed to start a conversation.Landon politely and kindly expressed his greeting as a good first impression meeting new people.Tessa and Landon are the participants who play a role in this dialogue.This expression was formally uttered in spoken mode and they used polite words to talk to each other, because they met for the first time.
The utterance conveyed by Landon above is included in the type of expressive illocutionary act for greeting.Landon greets or says nice to meet Tessa intends to get to know Tessa and wants to be closer to her.Greeting as a prefix to start a closer or good relationship.He tried to make small talk with Tessa to make the atmosphere friendly and less awkward.

Molly
: "Hey" Tessa : "Hey" Molly : "How's it going?I haven't seen you since like the bonfire" https://traverse.asia/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0Tessa : "Yeah, I've been busy I guess" This conversation takes place in the toilet in the afternoon after the lesson is over.The conversation tells about Molly seeing Tessa entering the toilet and she also went to the toilet because she wanted to ask and was curious about Tessa's news.Molly wanted to know what had happened as to why Tessa was rarely seen on campus these days.Tessa casually replied that she was busy and had other business.Tessa and Molly are the participants who play a role in this dialogue.This expression was informally uttered by spoken mode and they used good words to talk to each other, because they already know and are friends from the same campus.
The utterance conveyed by Molly above is included in the type of expressive illocutionary act for greeting.Molly greeted Tessa and said "Hey" to start the conversation.She also intends to prolong the chat or conversation because she wants to know what happened and how Tessa is doing.According to Molly, Tessa has not been seen on campus for a long time.That's why she expressed her greetings just to make small talk and be curious about Tessa's life.

d. Attitude
Expression of attitude is a person's way of expressing an attitude towards something or a situation such as disagreeing or disliking the behavior or words of others.

Data 7
Tessa mom : "Are you serious right now?I mean and after all this work and you going to throw it away for some boy" This conversation takes place in the Tessa dorm in the morning.The conversation tells about Tessa's mom coming suddenly to Tessa's dormitory without telling Tessa first.How shocked her mom was to see Tessa making out with Hardin in the dorm room.Because of that, Tessa's mom accused Tessa of neglecting her studies and preferring to be with men.However, Tessa did not accept all of her mom's words.According to Tessa, everything https://traverse.asia/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0her mom said was just accusations not based on facts.So she expressed her disapproval of her mom's words.Tessa and her mom are the participants who play a role in this dialogue.In this expression was informally uttered by spoken mode.
The utterance conveyed by Tessa above is included in the type of expressive illocutionary act for attitude.Tessa expresses disapproval or disagreement with her mom's words.According to Tessa what her mom said was not true.Tessa's mom thinks Tessa forgot her lessons because she played with some guys.Hearing this, Tessa immediately said "I am not" as a form of disapproval.Apart from disagreeing, at the same time Tessa reveals that she doesn't like her mom's words.This conversation was followed by an argument between Tessa and her mother The utterance conveyed by Hardin above is included in the type of expressive illocutionary act for attitude.Hardin expresses disapproval of Tessa's accusations.She assumes that Hardin has an illicit or special relationship with Molly.Hearing Tessa's words, Hardin spontaneously said "nothing" in response to rejection or disapproval.Apart from expressing his disapproval, at the same time Hardin wanted to explain that Tessa's accusations were not true followed by debate.He tried to convince Tessa to believe him.

e. Praising
Expression of praise is a way for someone to express admiration or praise for something or someone.This conversation takes place in the campus dorm in the morning.The conversation tells about Steph invites Tessa to a party at a nightclub, before going to the event they make preparations such as choosing the clothes to wear and the make up, then Tessa chooses and shows the dress wants to wear at the party to Steph, with a little hesitation Steph expresses praise for Tessa's choice but she reveals this to make Tessa feel happy, she also said " It's just a little formal" as a sign to tell Tessa to choose clothes that were informal, but Tessa refused and still wanted to be herself.Tessa and Steph are the participants who play a role in this dialogue.In this expression was informally uttered by spoken mode.
The utterance conveyed by Steph above is included in the type of expressive illocutionary act for praising.Steph complimented Tessa that the dress Tessa had chosen was quite pretty, but actually Steph said that to make Tessa happy and not disappointed, she did not really like the dress because it was not Steph's sense of dress.She wanted Tessa to wear a slightly revealing and informal dress to the party, but she could not force Tessa's desire to be herself and wear her favorite dress, so she expressed compliments just to make Tessa feel happy.This conversation takes place in the lake in the morning.The conversation tells about Hardin taking Tessa to a lake, and he tried to invite Tessa to go swimming, but Tessa did not bring a change of clothes if she went swimming, so Hardin offered his clothes for Tessa to swim.After finishing changing clothes, Hardin was amazed to see Tessa wearing his tshirt, and he gave a compliment to Tessa because Hardin thought the shirt looked good and suited her.Tessa and Hardin are the participants who play a role in this dialogue.In this expression was informally uttered by spoken mode.
https://traverse.asia/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 The utterance conveyed by Hardin above is included in the type of expressive illocutionary act for greeting.Hardin praised Tessa's outward appearance.Tessa wears Hardin's shirt while swimming in the lake.Seeing Tessa's appearance who only wore a top or t-shirt, Hardin was surprised and said that the shirt was very suitable for her.In addition to praising Tessa, Hardin tries to seduce Tessa so that Tessa is touched and blushes because of Hardin's words, this will make Tessa like Hardin's attitude.

f. Wishing
Expression of wishing is a person's way of expressing a wish or hope for something.This conversation takes place at the wedding reception at night.The conversation is about Hardin and Tessa attending the wedding reception of Hardin's father.However, Hardin did not feel happy about that moment.He actually had no intention of attending the event, and there he showed his displeasure with his father's wedding that the two of them got into a bit of an argument at the party.Tessa saw the tension between Hardin and his father and then she tried to stop it by asking Hardin to dance so Hardin could calm down a bit.Tessa, Hardin and his father are the participants who play a role in this dialogue.In this expression was informally uttered by spoken mode.
Tessa: "What are you talking about?I am not" Tessa mom : "You're going to break up with this boy, and you are going to focus on your school work" Tessa : "Do you even know what it has been like trying to be perfect for you?Having you molded my life into the way that you wanted it to be?" there anything you want to tell Tessa?" Tessa : "Yeah, like what's been going on between you and her?" Hardin : "Nothing is going on with me and her" Tessa : "I don't believe you" Hardin : "What have you said Tessa?I swear"This conversation takes place in the restaurant in the evening.The conversation is about Hardin coming to a restaurant to meet Molly, but Tessa tries to follow Hardin.She was suspicious of Molly because Molly had sent Hardin a strange message.She accuses her boyfriend Hardin of having an affair with Molly.In addition, Tessa also thinks Molly and Hardin are hiding a secret from her.This makes Tessa angry and starts arguing with Hardin.Tessa, Molly and Hardin are the participants who play a role in this dialogue.In this expression was informally uttered by spoken mode.
in.You can wear my t-shirt.It feel amazing" Tessa : "A little privacy please.What?" Hardin : "I like it better on you" don't suppose you recall any of those passages" Hardin : "Not the way you remember it" Tessa : "I would love to have a dance with your brilliant son"