STUDY OF ENGLISH BORROWING WORD IN INDONESIAN AS FOUND IN HABIBIE & AINUN MOVIE

This research concerns with borrowing words in Indonesian as found in the movie. This research aims at (1) to identify the types of borrowing word; and (2) to identify the adaptations of borrowing words used in Habibie & Ainun movie. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative for analyzing the data. This study used the theory of Haugen in (Grosjean 1982) that was the type and the adaptation of borrowing words. The results showed that there were 2 types of borrowing words found in the data source namely loanword and loan shift. For the adaptation process, there are 2 kinds of adaptation processes found here, namely phonological adaptation and morphological adaptation. The occurrence of pure loan words was dominant compared to the other types. Borrowing words are often found in online and print media such as television, newspapers, magazines, internet, etc. Borrowing words are analyzed in this study to provide knowledge about the existence of word borrowing in Indonesian. The Indonesian borrows many words in English, of course increasing the number of vocabularies in Indonesian. ”


INTRODUCTION
Linguistics is often stated as the science of language in general. Term linguistics is also commonly used in language education and education programs literature. The term linguistic lessons are different; some call it an introduction to linguistics, linguistics, or linguistics general. However, with a different name learn to continue learning the language. Therefore, linguistics is called a science language or the scientific study of language. Linguistics is the science of language which includes phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, word combinations into sentences, word structure, semantics, how sounds, related meanings, and lexicon are learned by someone when acquiring language. When you know a language, you understand the words in that language.
When we know a language, we can speak therefore other people can understand the language. This means we produce a sound that signifies certain meaning. To understand or interpret the sound produced through language, people can express ideas, desires, and thoughts. The activities that involve more than one person mostly require language. Language is very important communication between humans. Various languages are owned by various countries in the world, but to facilitate communication we use English as an international language. Finegan (2003) stated language as an arbitrary articulation sound system used by a group of people to carry out the affairs of their society. Languages change and varied overtime, their evolution can be remade by comparing modern languages to determine which traits a language must possess for change to occur. Language may change due to contact between countries. When people visit a country, language change can occur by taking another country's language through conversation. With language, people can socialize and communicate others for whatever they do. Interaction and communication will be created through conversation.
Blackwell edited by Hickey (2010) stated language contact is a dynamic area of contemporary linguistic research that studies how language changes when speakers of different languages interact. Language contact does not require speakers to speak fluently as bilinguals or multilinguals, communication between speakers of two different languages is categorized as language contact. Language contact occurs in various language borrowing phenomena and between several individuals from one language community and the more dominant language community. The most common are code switching and mixed languages. The most common way that languages influence each other is the exchange of words. Much has been made about borrowing English words into other languages. Some languages have borrowed so much that they are almost unrecognizable. For example, what was originally thought to be Indonesian was not. Several English languages have been adapted into Indonesian or also called borrowing languages because of this language contact.
According to Francois (1982) borrowing refers to the integration of words or phrases not belonging to one language into the vocabulary of that language. Borrowing words occur because there is no lexical item. Borrowing or often called the loan word is defined as a word that enters its lexicon because of borrow (or transfer, or copy). Borrowing words are sometimes found in spoken and written language. Spoken language is often found in electronic media such as television and radio. While the application of written language is usually found in print media such as journals, articles, newspapers, etc. We often hear about electronic media in movie which is often a medium of public entertainment to simply relieve fatigue after activities outside. The uncommon things for many people are to hear borrowing words that they are not aware of or may not know. Therefore, in this study, it uses movie as data.
Movie is folk entertainment which usually contains the story of a person's life, fiction, and biographies. Movie usually tell a story about love, life, politics, violence etc. and show content that is more than ten minutes long or recording of moving images watch on a television. Movie is a medium that has important influence in providing information and as a means of conveying messages to audience or people. Most movies also display moral messages that can be captured by the audience. This study used movies that are watched through an application service called iflix because this movie can't be watched on television. The movie used entitled Habibie & Ainun.
Habibie & Ainun is a movie that tells the life story of the late BJ Habibie, the third president of Indonesia. In this study used two series from this movie, the first is entitled Habibie & Ainun (Cinta Sejati) which tells the love story of the late BJ Habibie and his late wife, Hasri Ainun. This first movie series which is released in December 2012 has a success reaching 4.5 million viewers. The second series of this movie entitled Habibie & Ainun (Rudy Habibie) that talk about BJ Habibie's life while studying in Germany. This second movie released June 2016 and attracted the attention of 2 million viewers. This movie tells the interesting story of the third president of Indonesia, Habibie, including his story as the leader of the first aircraft maker in Indonesia to his life story. More than 4.5 million Indonesians have watched the film Habibie & Ainun which was inspired by BJ Habibie, achieving the highest success in 2013 by breaking the record for the movie with the highest number of viewers during 2013 and getting this much is not easy. The success of the Habibie & Ainun film screening was not only achieved in Indonesia, but also in several Asian countries.
There are many researchers who have analysed about borrowing words. They tend to analyze the types and the adaptation of borrowing words. As researched by Hermawan (2018), he analyzed borrowing words found in Jawa Pos Online website. He found three kinds of borrowing words there are loan shift in eighteen time and loan word in six times and two changes of meaning. Another research was done by Sanjaya, he used the data source from articles. Tribun Bali Daily Newspaper (2019). He found that there were 46 borrowing words occur in Tribun Bali Daily Newspaper, those are 16 occurrences (35%) of pure loan words, 1 occurrence (2%) of loan blend and 29 occurrence (63%) of mix loanword, while the adaptation there were orthographical and morphological adaptation.
The two previous research have the same topic with this research about borrowing words. The data source used in those research was taken from online newspaper which is different with the data source in this study. This study took the data from spoken data in the form of conversation between characters in the movie.

METHODS
The data source in this research was taken from one movie of Habibie & Ainun that has two series entitled "Habibie & Ainun (Cinta Sejati) that was published in December 20th 2012 and the second series is published in June 30th 2016. This movie was famous in its time therefore it increases the writer's interest in using this movie as data source. More than 4.5 million Indonesians have watched the Habibie & Ainun movie.
The library research was conducted in this study by applying several techniques to collect, there are; (1) watching and observing every English borrowing word that appeared in the movie, (2) making a note for the borrowing word that appeared in the movie, (3) identifying the type of borrowing word used in the movie based on the theory of borrowing for each borrowing word found, (4) accumulating them and then classifying them into list of the table based on type of borrowing using note taking. Descriptive qualitative method was used in analyzing the data. The result or the findings were presented by formal and informal way. In formal, the data were shown in table to show the occurrence for the types. In informal, clear explanation was made by organized sentences in paragraph.

RESULTS
The result is divided into two parts, there are types of borrowing words and the adaptation of borrowing words proposed theory from Grosjean (1982).

Types of Borrowing Words
According to Haugen as cited in Grosjean (1982), He proposed the classification of borrowing where there are two processes distinguished loanword and loan shift. All types of borrowing were found in Habibie & Ainun movie. Each type of borrowing was calculated in the form of percentage based on formula as below:  The data above is formulated based on the type of borrowing words obtained in the movie. It has function to determine the appearance and percentage of each borrowing words that appeared in the movie. Therefore, the obtained data shows that there were 2 types of borrowing words, consisting of pure loanwords with 25 occurrences (83,3%) while there are three types of loan blend (16,7%). The total occurrence for all the type of borrowing words is 28 with 100% percentage.

DISCUSSION
The analyses were done by explaining the datda descriptively according to the theory used, namely the theory of Haugen in (Grossjean, 1982). Below are the words found in the film Habibie & Ainun which have the adaptation of borrowing from English to Indonesian.

Data 1
"…Cuci lukamu, nanti bisa infeksi…" (Minute 33:47) Analysis: Infeksi is a borrowing word from English. It originally come from the word 'infection' means the process of infecting or the state of being infected. The word infection is categorized as a pure loanword because in this word there are phonological adaptations in spelling and pronunciation from the source language to the target language.
The letter 'c' in front of the letter 'e' and 't' in front of 'c' are changed to be 'k' and 's' in Indonesian. After that the letter 'o' and 'n' are eliminated in the reason of reaching spelling adjustment into the target language in terms of spelling.
In terms of pronunciation, the vowel /ɪ/ is changed to be the vowel /i/ meanwhile the consonant /ʃn/ is substituted to be /si/.

Data 2
"…Presentasi yang luar biasa pak…" (Minute 50:46) Analysis: Presentasi is a borrowing word from English which means giving something to someone, as part of a formal ceremony. Because there are phonological adaptations in spelling and pronunciation from the source language to the target language, this word is categorized as a pure loanword.
The letter 't' in front of the letter 'a' in English is changed to be 's' in Indonesian. While the letter 'o' and 'n' ae eliminated in the reason of reaching spelling adjustment into the target language in terms of spelling.
The consonant /z/ is changed to be /s/ and added with the vowel /e/. After that the dipthong /eɪ/ is changed to be vowel /a/ and /ʃn/ is substituted to be /si/ in terms of pronunciation.

Data 3
"…Tar kena alergi pa…" (Minute 54:33) Analysis: Alergi is a borrowing word from English allergy. The word allergy has the meaning of a medical condition that causes certain people to react badly or feel sick when they eat or come into contact with certain substances. Because it undergoes a process of phonological adaptation in spelling and pronunciation into Indonesian adaptation, this word is categorized as a pure loan word.
The letter 'l' just written one in Indonesian while the letter 'y' is changed to be 'I' in Indonesian in terms of spelling.
The vowel /ae/ is changed to be the vowel /a/ in Indonesian, while the vowel /ə/ is changed to be /e/. After that the consonants /d/ and /ʒ/ is changed to be /r/ and /g/ in terms of pronunciation.

Data 4
"…Saya bisa melihat bahwa program bapak ini akan sukses dan menyumbang pembangunan bangsa Indonesia…" (Minute 1:06:16) Analysis: Sukses is a borrowing word from English success which has the meaning of achieving the desired goal, or fame, or social position. Due to phonological adaptations in spelling and pronunciation, this word is categorized as a pure loanword
Data 5 "…Terlalu banyak infrastruktur yang bisa berkembang, ekonomi yang mekar…" (Minute 1:32:10) Analysis: Infrastruktur comes from English infrastructure which means basic facilities needed by a country or organization efficiently such as an administrative system. This word has phonological adaptations in spelling and pronunciation, so it is categorized as a pure loanword. In terms of spelling the letter 'c' in English is changed to be letter 'k' in Indonesian.
The vowel /ə/ in English is changed to be vowel /a/, after that the vowel /ʌ/ is changed to be the vowel /u/. The consonant /ʃ/ and the vowel /ə/ is changed to be vowels /u/ in Indonesia of terms pronunciation.

Morphological Adaptation
Pure Loanword is found in Habibie & Ainun movie that was adapted morphologically are presented as below: -al become -al Data 6 "...Maaf tapi saya sudah punya tim yang profesional" (Minute 51:16) Analysis: Profesional is a language loan from English professional which has the meaning of worthy or appropriate for skilled and competent people. Due to the process of morphological adaptation, namely spelling, pronunciation, and affixation from the source language to the target language, this word is a pure loan.