DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES FORMING ADJECTIVES IN CLASS CHANGING AFFIXES FOUND IN NICOLA YOON’S NOVEL ENTITLED EVERYTHING, EVERYTHING

This study focused on derivational affixes in forming adjectives in class changing affixes. The aims of this study are to find out the types of derivational affixes forming adjectives and to analyze the kinds of class changing affixes forming adjectives found in Nicola Yoon’s Novel Entitled Everything, Everything. This study used theories from Katamba (1993) to classify the types of derivational affixes and McCarthy (2002) to analyze the kinds of class changing affixes forming adjectives. Descriptive and qualitative methods were used to analyze the data while observation methods were used to collect the data. The result found that there are 11 affixes attached with 143 words in forming adjectives with the occurrence as follows suffix –able (11 or 7,6%), -ing (1 or 0,6%), -ed (1 or 0,6%), -ful (45 or 31,6%),-ive (3 or 2,2%), -less (24 or 16,8%), -al (16 or 11,2%), -ic (6 or 4,2%), -ous (11 or 7,6%), -y (22 or 15,4%) and -ish (3 or 2,2%). Furthermore, there are 2 kinds of class changing affixes to form adjectives: adjectives derived from verbs with 19 frequency or 13,3% and adjectives derived from nouns with 124 frequency or 86,7%. Thus, the most frequently used affixes forming adjectives found in Everything, Everything Novel is suffix -ful with 45 or 31,6% and the mostly used class changing affixes to form adjectives is adjectives derived from nouns with 124 frequency or 86,7%. ”


INTRODUCTION
Language is one of the important aspects in society. Language is used to express feelings, ideas, and arguments to make relations in society. One of the international languages is English. English is the most used language in the world. To master English to make relations with people in another country, people must know what kinds of elements that form language. The study of languages is known as linguistics.
Linguistics is a study of language which can be divided into two; they are macrolinguistics and microlinguistics. Macrolinguistics focused on a broader sense of language such as sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, anthropological, neurolinguistics, and philosophical linguistics while microlinguistics focused on a smaller sense or certain elements of language such as syntax, phonology, semantic, pragmatic and morphology.
Morphology is a study about words, how words are formed. Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of words which cannot be divided into smaller parts. Furthermore, Lieber (2009) stated that morpheme are the smallest meaningful units that are used to form words and there were two types of morphemes such as free and bound morpheme. Free morpheme is a morpheme that can stand alone while bound morpheme is a morpheme that cannot stand alone which must be attached with other morphemes to stand independently. Katamba (1993:47) said that morphemes have two functions which are inflectional morpheme and derivational morpheme. Inflectional morpheme is a morpheme added with base used to mark grammatical information while derivational morpheme is a morpheme that is added with base used to change the word class or meaning through affixation. Derivational Affixes have two functions in forming words: they are class changing affixes and class maintaining affixes. Class Changing Affixes are the affixes that have the function to change the class of word and meaning after being attached with base. Meanwhile, class maintaining affixes is the affixes that have function to maintain the word class of the base after the attachment and only change the meaning.
Affixation is a process adding bound morphemes or affixes to other types of morphemes to create a different form of the words with new meaning. Other types of morpheme can be separated into four: root, affixes, stem, and base (Katamba 1993). Affixes mean bound morphemes where the appearance must be added with other morphemes to stand independently. Affixes consist of three kinds: prefixes, infixes, and suffixes (Matthews, 1991). Prefix is an affix that is attached in the beginning of the word; infix is an affix that is inserted in the middle of the word while suffix is an affix that is attached in the end of the word. Suffixes are the most productive affixes used in English because their primary function is to change the word class of the base to which they are added. Meanwhile, prefixes primarily change the meaning of the root, stem, or base. Furthermore, derivational affixes have an important role in creating a new word and changing the meaning of the base. However, this study focuses on forming adjectives in class changing affixes because the function of the adjective itself to express something like feeling or describe nouns and class changing affixes is the most frequently used function to form a new word by adding suffixes to change the word class.
In this study, the novel entitled Everything, Everything is used as the data source. This novel was chosen because, first it contains many derivational affixes forming adjectives, second a lot of benefits the readers can get from reading novels such as enriching knowledge and vocabulary. Moreover, this novel contains many moral values and the genre make this novel became No. 1 New York Times best seller for young adult hardcover books and adapted to a film with same title on May 19, 2017. Furthermore, the topic was chosen due to the function of derivational affixes itself, to produce new words and able change the meaning of the word. Thus, both the readers and the writer can enrich our vocabulary and make it easier to master English. Based on the description above, the objective of this study is to find out what kind of derivational affixes forming adjectives in class changing affixes found in Nicola Yoon's Novel entitled Everything, Everything and analyze the kinds of class changing affixes forming adjectives found in Nicola Yoon's Novel entitled Everything, Everything.

METHODS
Observation method was used to collect the data. There are some steps to collect the data: first, the novel is carefully read by the writer. Then finding out and taking note of adjective words which are attached by affixes and checking the word class of the base by using Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. After that, classifying the types and functions of affixes attached in each word and putting the words into the table and explaining descriptively with sentences. Moreover, Descriptive, and qualitative data were used to analyze the data. First, the data were classified based on the theory of Katamba (1993) about types of derivational affixes forming adjectives and second the data analyzed with theory of Carstairs and McCarthy (2002) about the kinds of class changing affixes forming adjectives. The focus of this study is derivational affixes in forming adjectives in class changing affixes found in Nicola Yoon's Novel entitled Everything, Everything.
The data used were from the first Nicola Yoon's Novel entitled Everything, Everything published on September 1, 2015 and consists of 310 pages with 95 chapters. Due to its success, this novel is now available in 45 Table 1 above shows that 143 words are attached with derivational affixes to form adjectives and all of them are suffixes since their primary function is to change the word class of the base. The occurrence of suffixable are 11 or 7,6%, -ing are 1 or 0,6%, -ed are 1 or 0,6%, -ful are 45 or 31,6%, -ive are 3 or 2,2%, -less are 24 or 16,8%, -al are 16 or 11,2%, -ic are 6 or 4,2%, -ous are 11 or 7,6%, -y are 22 or 15,4% and -ish are 3 or 2,2%. The most frequently used suffix forming adjectives found in Everything, Everything Novel is suffix -ful with 45 or 31,6%. Table 2 above shows that there are 2 kinds of class changing affixes to form adjectives, they are adjectives derived from verbs with 19 frequency or 13,3% and adjectives derived from nouns with 124 frequency or 86,7%. The most used class changing affixes to form adjectives is adjectives derived from nouns with 124 frequency or 86,7%.

DISCUSSION
According to the finding above, the data were analyzed using the theories from Katamba (1993) to classify the types of derivational affixes forming adjectives and McCarthy (2002) to analyze the kinds of class changing affixes forming adjectives found in Nicola Yoon's Novel entitled Everything, Everything. The analysis can be seen below.

Adjectives Derived from Verbs
Based on the data above, there are 5 suffixes found in 19 words that are classified as adjectives derived from verbs since they change the class word of the base from verbs into adjectives. Below are 3 analyses of forming adjectives from verbs. The word certifiable which consists of base certify and suffix -able. The addition of suffix -able to the base certify changes the word class and meaning from verb class into adjective class. While the meaning from to officially state that somebody is mentally ill, so that they can be given medical treatment become a person who is certifiable can or should be officially stated to be insane (Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, 2015). The process of how verbs transform into noun can be drawn with a flat structure below. The base word of interesting (Adj) is interest (V). The attachment of suffix -ing to the base interest changes the meaning and word class. From verb class into adjective class and the meaning from to attract your attention and make you feel interested; to make yourself give your attention to something become attracting your attention because it is/they are special, exciting or unusual (Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, 2015). The derivational process of verb form into adjective can be seen as follows. The word exhaustive comes from base exhaust as a verb meaning to make somebody feel very tired meanwhile after the attachment of suffixive, exhaust become exhaustive as an adjective meaning including everything possible; very careful or complete (Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, 2015). The result of attachment modified word class and meaning of the base. The attachment process of exhaust becomes exhaustive can be presented below.

Adjectives Derived from Nouns
Based on the finding above, there are 7 suffixes found in 124 words that are categorized as adjectives derived from nouns since it changes the word class nouns into adjectives. Below are 7 analyses of forming adjectives from nouns.

Data 4
I guess the reason they're the Hawaiian state fish is that they're plentiful. (Pg.205) The addition of suffix -ful at the end of the root plenty modified the word class and the meaning. Plenty as a noun means a large amount; as much or as many as you need. However, plentiful as an adjective means available or existing in large amounts or numbers (Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, 2015). Below is the derivational process to change the noun to adjective.

Data 5
The room falls away and I'm in a featureless white landscape dotted....
The word featureless is consist of root feature and bounded with suffix -less. The addition of suffix -less to the root feature change both the meaning and class word of the root. At first, feature means something important, interesting or typical of a place or thing however after the addition becomes featureless means without any qualities or characteristics that are easy to notice (Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, 2015). The process of adjective derived from noun in class changing affixes can be drawn with flat structure below. The base experiment in the data above is attached with a suffix -al which changes the word class from a noun into an adjective. The meaning also changes from experiment, which means a scientific test that is done in order to study what happens and to gain new knowledge becomes experimental means based on new ideas, forms or methods that are used to find out what effect they have (Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, 2015).
The process of suffix -al attached to the base experiment in forming adjective can be shown as follows. The word attachment of base realist as a noun with suffix -ic changes both the word class and meaning of the word realistic as an adjective. Realist refers to a person who accepts and deals with a situation as it really is and does not try to pretend that it is different, however realistic refers to accepting in a sensible way what it is actually possible to do or achieve in a particular situation (Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, 2015). The process can be presented with a flat structure below.
Realist + -ic Realistic (N) (Adj) Data 8 I'm too nervous for food. (Pg.183) The word nervous comes from root nerve bounded with the suffixous. The attachment of suffix -ous to the root nerve both changes the meaning and also the part of speech. At first, nerve is classified as a noun class after attached with suffix -ous becomes nervous as an adjective class. The meaning of nerve itself refers to any of the long fibres that carry messages between the brain and parts of the body, enabling you to move, feel pain, etc. meanwhile nervous refers to anxious about something or afraid of something (Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, 2015). The process of adjective derived from noun can be presented as follows.

Data 9
The centerpiece of the complex is a grassy outdoor seating area populated with oversized..... (Pg.66) The word grassy has root grass as a noun means a common wild plant with narrow green leaves and stems that are eaten by cows, horses, sheep, etc. however after the attachment of suffix -y to the root grass it becomes grassy as an adjective means covered with grass (Oxford Advanced learner's Dictionary, 2015). The derivational process can be shown below. The word bookish is built from root book and suffix -ish. The addition of suffix -ish to the root book modified the meaning and also the part of speech. Book before attached with suffix -ish is classified as noun class has meaning a set of printed pages that are fastened inside a cover so that you can turn them and read them however after attachment it becomes bookish as an adjective class has meaning interested in reading and studying, rather than in more active or practical things (Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, 2015). The process of root book bounded with suffix -ish can be explained by flat structure as follows.