Analysis of Deixis in Song Lyric in “Plastic Heart” by Miley Cyrus

The aim of this research is to analyze the types of deixis found in the song lyric “Plastic Heart” by Miley Cyrus from Plastic Heart Album. This research applied for descriptive qualitative method and supported by simple quantitative calculate the percentage of each type of deixis. The observation methods were employed in this research to collect the data. Based on the result can be concluded that three main types of deixis are found in the song lyric, there are 56 data found of person deixis with a percentage of 61%. Next, 31 data found of time deixis with percentage 34% and last there is 4 data found of place deixis with percentage 5%. The most dominant data found in the song lyric is person deixis which refers to the speaker or the singer itself in the song. This research is expected to provide an understanding of deixis and the context that is conveyed by the speaker.


INTRODUCTION
A song is a piece of music composed specifically for the human voice to perform.This is commonly done using sound and quiet patterns to create distinct and set melodies.Songs exist in a range of sizes and styles, including those with repeating and varying sections.This term is rarely used in large classical music vocal forms such as opera and oratorio (Grove, 1980).Songs are written straightforwardly and are learned "by ear" informally.Every song can be written for a single performer, an entertainer with backup singers, a duet, a trio, or a bigger ensemble with several voices singing in harmony.Lyrics are a component of music.It might be classed as part of the conversation because there are words and sentences with a variety of grammatical structures.Song lyrics make it simpler for people to convey their emotions and thoughts.Some of our language's most popular terms cannot be understood at all without knowing the context, particularly the speaker's physical contexts.Words like here and there, this or that, now and then, yesterday, today, or tomorrow, as well as pronouns like you, me, she, him, it, and them, fall under this category.Some English phrases are very hard to comprehend unless we know who is speaking, what they are talking about, where they are speaking, and when they are speaking (Yule, 2006:115) Pragmatics is the systematic study of meaning which rely on as language usage.Inquiry into implicature, presupposition, speech acts, and deixis are all essential themes in pragmatics.Pragmatics, as a modern discipline of linguistic study, has its roots in linguistic philosophy.The work of the philosophers Charles Morris, Rudolf Carnap, and Charles Peirce in the 1930s may be traced back to its philosophical beginnings (Huang, 2007 :2).
Deixis is one of the sub-studies of pragmatics.Deixis, according to Yule (1996 :9), is a technical term that comes from the Greek language and means "pointing" or called deictic expression.The use of general terms and phrases to refer to a specific time, place, or person in context is known as deixis.Deixis refers to words and phrases that cannot be completely comprehended without extra context, such as "me," "now," or "here."It is concerned with how language encodes the elements of the utterance or speech event's context.Several definitions show that deixis plays an important role in communication, whether in the context of speech utterance or speech event.There are three main types of deixis such as; person deixis, time deixis, and place deixis.
Person deixis refers to who is the speaker in the utterance.Person deixis is mostly constructed by personal pronouns.Personal pronouns are divided into three parts, those are; first-person pronouns which refer to itself as a subject of utterance (I, me, my, myself...), second-person pronouns refer to someone or more addressees (you, your, yourself, we, our, us...); Last, the third person pronouns refer to persons being talked about (she, he, it, her, him...).
Next, time deixis refers to when does the speaker speak in the utterance.It used to express the relative time by the speaker or writer.According to Yule (1996:15), there are two basic forms of time deixis; the present forms and the past forms.The present term used present tense or proximal form now, and the pas term used past tense or distal form then.The form of temporal references also used deictic temporal reference as calendar time (date and clock time) and deictic expression such as; yesterday; tomorrow; today; tonight; next week; and this week depending on when the utterance time https://traverse.asia/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0start.Also, the adjectives of time such as; yesterday, now, tomorrow and the kinds of verb tenses.
Lastly, there is place deixis which refers to where the speaker or the writer speaks in the utterance.Where the relative location of people and things is being indicated.There are some pure place deictic words in English, adverbs such as; "here" and "there", and demonstrative pronouns such as; "this" and "that".For adverbs "here" and "there" are often seen as simple contrasts in a proximal or distal dimension extending from the speaker's position.The words "here" refer to something like an area relatively close to the speaker and "there" refers to a distant area from the speaker's perspective.It is concerned with the physical places of the speech.This research deals with several previous studies.There are three previous studies, the first is the research of Kurniati and Haryudin (2021) with their research entitled "A Deixis Analysis of Song Lyric in Hello by Adele" with the aim of research to analyze the three main types of deixis in song lyrics using descriptive qualitative method and find out 53 total data of deictic word.Another previous research from Fadilah and Resmini (2021) with their research entitled "A Deixis Analysis of A Song Lyric Entitled "Lover"" with the aim of research to analyze the type of deixis according to Levinson's theory (1983) and look for dominant data on song lyrics using descriptive qualitative method and found 51 total data of deictic words.The last research is from Sitorus and Herman (2019) with the title "A Deixis Analysis of Song Lyric in Calum Scott "You Are The Reason" with the aim of analyzing the type of deixis and dominant data in the lyrics of the song using a qualitative research method and finding 67 data deictic word.

METHODS
The data of this study was taken from a song by Miley Cyrus in the Plastic Heart album entitled "Plastic Heart".The length of this song was three minutes twenty-five seconds.Miley Cyrus is a singer, actress, and songwriter from Franklin, United States.Cyrus made her debut in 2007.This song is about a person who refers to the speaker or the songwriter who wants to party late at night.He or she always went to parties for the purpose of having a good time for one night.The gatherings he or she went to were usually crowded, even though he or she didn't know anyone there.This research applies a descriptive qualitative method with simple quantitative calculation to support the percentage of each type of deixis.Observation methods employed in this research in order to collect the data, as for the steps of collecting data are: 1.The writer downloaded and listened to the songs from music platforms such as Spotify or Youtube.com 2. The writer searched online for full-script lyrics in order to understand the lyrics in detail.
3. The writer identified all of the chosen data from the song lyrics https://traverse.asia/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0After all of the data has been acquired, the writer evaluates the data by choosing various lyrics that contain deixis terms.Then the writer elaborated the many types of deixis terms that exist in the song lyrics of Miley Cyrus' song "Plastic Heart".The finding discussed based on the theory used by George Yule (1996) for the types of deixis found in the Plastic Heart song by Miley Cyrus.

Results
The result of the research is to answer the problem of the study formulated in advance.The writer found the types of deixis in the song lyric and here is the table of the percentage of data: The percentage used the formula to calculate the data based on the types of deixis found in Plastic Heart song by Miley Cyrus, it can be described as follows: The purpose of the data in the table above is to give clear explanation about deixis and its types that have been collected from the data source.Based on the table above, there were totally 91 data found in the song lyric.There are three types of deixis: person deixis, time deixis and place deixis.The most dominant data in the song lyric is person deixis and refers to the speaker or song writer's life experience.It makes the or the singer used a lot of person deixis in the song.